About 80% of the worlds' reserves for platinum group metals (PGMs) are in South Africa's Bushveld Igneous Complex. Processing of PGM involves comminution, flotation, smelting, converting, base metals refinery and precious metals refinery. Due to increasing chrome content in the feed and the challenges associated with operating high …

A large-scale, vertically integrated platinum-group metals mining complex is being built as part of the project in the Great Dyke. The Karo Platinum project is estimated to have an annual production of 1.4 …

Both metals belong to the same group in the periodic table—platinum-group elements (PGE) and the bonds formed by them have similar lengths. For example, the M-Cl bond length ... A new platinum complex with folic acid (FA) (cis-[Pt(NH 3) 2 FA], Figure 8) was developed. Using MTT assay on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, it was observed that …

The most common platinum-group minerals include laurite, RuS 2; irarsite, (Ir,Ru,Rh,Pt)AsS; osmiridium, (Ir,Os); cooperite, (PtS); and braggite, (Pt,Pd)S. The world's largest deposit is the Bushveld Complex of South Africa. Other major deposits include the Sudbury deposit of Ontario, Canada, and the Norilsk …

The PGE can complex with inorganic ligands to form aqueous complexes that are transported easily and may enter the food chain. ... They concluded that "biofilms are capable of forming or transforming platinum-group mineral grains and may play an important role for platinum-group element dispersion and re-concentration in surface …

The Bushveld Complex in South Africa hosts the world's largest resources of platinum-group elements (PGEs), which are mainly mined from three ore bodies, namely the Merensky Reef, the UG-2 chromitite, and the Platreef. In these ores, the PGEs are bimodally distributed, occurring both as discrete platinum-group minerals (PGMs) and …

The major deposits of platinum-group elements (PGE) of the Earth are associated with ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks. The bulk of current PGE production is extracted from narrow stratiform horizons referred to as reefs located in the lower to central portions of large layered intrusions and is dominated by the Bushveld Complex in South …

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On the basis of whole-rock major, trace and platinum group (PG) elements geochemistry and mineralogical features, Zafar et al. (2020) argued that gabbroic rocks of the Chilas Complex (CC) were ...

The chromitites of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa contain vast resources of platinum-group elements (PGE); however, except for the economic upper group (UG)-2 chromitite seam, information on the distribution of the PGE in the ores and on the mineralogical nature, assemblages, and proportions of platinum-group minerals …

This contribution provides an overview of platinum group elements (PGE) distribution and mineralogy in ophiolitic chromitites, which are unusually enriched in the low melting-point Rh, Pt and Pd (PPGE) compared with most chromite deposits associated with ophiolites, which are dominated by the refractory Os, Ir and Ru (IPGE). The PPGE-rich …

The Bushveld Complex in South Africa is a vast geological formation that contains numerous platinum group element (PGE) deposits, including platinum, palladium, rhodium, and others. Mines in this region, …

Summarize and publish the USGS data on the J-M Reef. Scientific research can make our resource assessments of critical minerals more effective. This project …

Highly anomalous platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations in the podiform chromitites at the Cliff and Harold's Grave localities in the Shetland ophiolite complex have been well documented previously. The focus of this study is alluvial platinum-group minerals (PGM) located in small streams that drain from the PGE-rich …

Ionic liquids (ILs) with amino moieties were designed and synthesized as extractants for the selective extraction of platinum group metal (PGM) ions into IL phases from mixed aqueous HCl solutions ...

Chemical composition of platinum group minerals of Kachkanar complex, Uralian Platinum belt, Russia, original data of SEM-EDX. Funding. The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 20-77-00073). The analytical work was supported by themes of the state assignment of the Institute of Geology and …

Platinum-group minerals (PGM) are present as very small grains (<10μm) in chromitites and their dunite host in the Niquelandia layered intrusion. ... Platinum-Group Minerals in Chromite-rich Horizons of the Niquelandia Complex (Central Goias, Brazil) Platinum-Group Minerals in Chromite-rich Horizons of the Niquelandia Complex (Central Goias ...

K EYWORDS: platinum-group elements, ore deposits, chromite, sulfide, Bushveld Complex 1811-5209/0004-0253$2.50 DOI: 10.2113/ GSELEMENTS .4.4.253 formation of intraplate picritic magmas.

More than 30 years ago, Cox and Singer (1986) suggested that magmatic platinum-group element (PGE)-Ni-Cu deposits are amongst the best understood of ore deposits, yet the origin of PGE mineralization in the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC) remains controversial after a century of study. In the northern limb of the BIC, the …

The platinum group metals (PGMs) are among the rarest mineral commodities in Earth's crust. They include iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium and ruthenium. ... PGM refining is a complex process because the chemical similarities of the metals make their separation difficult. The time between mining the ore and …

The platinum group metals (PGMs) are among the rarest mineral commodities in Earth's crust. They include iridium, osmium, …

Geochemistry and mineralogy of platinum-group elements (PGE) in the chromite ores of the Ray-Iz massif have been studied by Volchenko, 1990, Gurskaya, 1995, Gurskaya et al., 2004 and others. ... This complex covers an area of about 400 km 2 and is one of several thought to represent fragments of the upper mantle–crust transition, ...

Platinum is a dense, ductile, malleable, and highly unreactive chemical element. With the symbol Pt and atomic number 78, this transition metal is silver-white in colour. Sometimes confused with silver, platinum is a member of the platinum-group metals (PGM), which includes other metals like palladium, iridium, ruthenium, osmium, and rhodium ...

The chromites and associated platinum-group minerals (PGMs) crystallize from mafic-ultramafic magmas in a wide range of tectonic settings, e.g., stratiform/layered magmatic complexes, podiform complexes in ophiolites, Alaskan zoned complexes, and chromite-rich Archean complexes, also known as "conduit-type" [1–11].As the chromite composition is …

The largest and most significant type of geological deposit of platinum group elements (PGEs) is that associated with magmatic base metal sulfide minerals in layered mafic or ultramafic igneous intrusions. ... The eastern and western limbs of the Complex host the Upper Group 2 (UG2) chromitite layer and the pyroxenite-hosted Merensky Reef, and ...

The platinum group metals occur together in ores. Ultramafic and mafic igneous rocks are rich in PGMs, while granites are low in the metals. Rich platinum group metal deposits include mafic layered …

The "big three" large layered mafic intrusions (Stillwater Complex, Great Dyke, and Bushveld Complex), belong to this select group not only because of their economic importance since they constitute ∼94% of the world's reserves of platinum-group elements (PGEs), but also because of their immense sizes and continuity of individual …

Barnes, S.-J. & Maier, W. D. Platinum-group elements and microstructures of normal Merensky Reef from Impala Platinum Mines, Bushveld Complex. Journal of Petrology 43, 103–128 (2002).

A review of the emplacement and formation of magmatic platinum-group elements-enriched deposits in large layered mafic/ultramafic intrusions, with special …

Figure 2-1: Platinum Group Metals in the Periodic Table Ru 44 Ruthenium Rh 45 Rhodium Pd 46 Pa ladium Pt 78 Platinum Ir 77 Iridium Os 76 Osmium Ag 4 7 Silv er Au 7 9 G old Rg 1 11 Roentgenium Ds ... 2.3 COMPOUNDS OF PLATINUM GROUP METALS COMPLEX COMPOUNDS In common with all transition metals, the vast majority of the commercial …